objc[72371]: autorelease pool page 0x1259de000 corrupted

解法：
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/75592713/how-to-close-messagebox-of-tkinter-automatic-after-a-few-seconds-in-python

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.messagebox as msgbox

def showMessage(message, timeout=5000):
    root = tk.Tk()
    root.withdraw()
    root.after(timeout, root.destroy)
    msgbox.showinfo('Info', message, master=root)

showMessage('Your Message Here')

實際測試，上面的解法，還是無法彈出msgbox, 但致少知道是msgbox 造成的錯誤，完全不使用messagebox 就解決了。但變成要使用其他方式來彈出錯誤訊息。

在 macOS x86 取得 platform.platform()

macOS-10.15.7-x86_64-i386-64bit

在 macOS arm:

macOS-12.0.1-arm64-i386-64bit

資料來源：
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70253218/macos-m1-system-is-detected-as-arm-by-python-package-even-though-im-using-roset

Charles Duffy explained the problem in the comments, thank you!

When I checked the platform in Python, it was indeed ARM:

> python -c 'import platform; print(platform.platform())'
macOS-12.0.1-arm64-i386-64bit

So I had been using a Python installation for ARM.

Now I installed brew and then python3 from the Rosetta terminal and used the newly installed Python to initiate a fresh virtual environment, and this fixed it. (This article helped me a bit with it.)

Update:

When creating Python environments with conda, it is possible to specify whether they should use Apple ARM or Intel-x64:

• CONDA_SUBDIR=osx-arm64 conda create -n my_env python makes an ARM environment
• CONDA_SUBDIR=osx-64 conda create -n my_env python makes an x64 environment

<module>
    from tkinter import *
  File "/opt/homebrew/Cellar/python@3.9/3.9.7_1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/tkinter/__init__.py", line 37, in <module>
    import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_tkinter'

打開終端視窗(terminal)並執行以下命令來安裝 tkinter。
Open your terminal and run the following command to install tkinter.

# === UBUNTU / DEBIAN ===
sudo apt-get install python3-tk

# Make sure to specify correct Python version.
# For example, my Python 3.10, so I would install as
sudo apt-get install python3.10-tk

# === MacOS ===
brew install python-tk@3.10

# if you run Python v3.9 run adjust command to
brew install python-tk@3.9

# === Fedora ===
sudo dnf install python3-tkinter

# === CentOS ===
sudo yum install python3-tkinter

zip 用法：

Copyright (c) 1990-2008 Info-ZIP - Type 'zip "-L"' for software license.
Zip 3.0 (July 5th 2008). Usage:
zip [-options] [-b path] [-t mmddyyyy] [-n suffixes] [zipfile list] [-xi list]
  The default action is to add or replace zipfile entries from list, which
  can include the special name - to compress standard input.
  If zipfile and list are omitted, zip compresses stdin to stdout.
  -f   freshen: only changed files  -u   update: only changed or new files
  -d   delete entries in zipfile    -m   move into zipfile (delete OS files)
  -r   recurse into directories     -j   junk (don't record) directory names
  -0   store only                   -l   convert LF to CR LF (-ll CR LF to LF)
  -1   compress faster              -9   compress better
  -q   quiet operation              -v   verbose operation/print version info
  -c   add one-line comments        -z   add zipfile comment
  -@   read names from stdin        -o   make zipfile as old as latest entry
  -x   exclude the following names  -i   include only the following names
  -F   fix zipfile (-FF try harder) -D   do not add directory entries
  -A   adjust self-extracting exe   -J   junk zipfile prefix (unzipsfx)
  -T   test zipfile integrity       -X   eXclude eXtra file attributes
  -y   store symbolic links as the link instead of the referenced file
  -e   encrypt                      -n   don't compress these suffixes
  -h2  show more help

This adds the file file to the archive file.zip:

zip file.zip file

Of course, to add more files, just add them as arguments to the command. Check out man zip for more options.

Often, you’ll want to skip including those pesky .DS_Store files, for example compressing the whole folder folder into folder.zip:

zip -vr folder.zip folder/ -x "*.DS_Store"

If you want to make a zip without those invisible Mac resource files such as “_MACOSX” or “._Filename” and .ds store files, use the “-X” option in the command so:

zip -r -X archive_name.zip folder_to_compress

To extract

unzip archive_name.zip

關於絕對路徑的問題

Create zip file and ignore directory structure

Using -j won’t work along with the -r option.
So the work-around for it can be this:

cd path/to/parent/dir/;
zip -r complete/path/to/name.zip ./* ;
cd -;

Or in-line version

cd path/to/parent/dir/ && zip -r complete/path/to/name.zip ./* && cd -

you can direct the output to /dev/null if you don’t want the cd - output to appear on screen

TAR.GZ

To compress

tar -zcvf archive_name.tar.gz folder_to_compress

To extract

tar -zxvf archive_name.tar.gz

TAR.BZ2

To compress

tar -jcvf archive_name.tar.bz2 folder_to_compress

To extract

tar -jxvf archive_name.tar.bz2

GZ

Without the tar

To extract

gunzip archivename.gz

find accepts multiple -exec portions to the command. For example:

find . -name "*.txt" -exec echo {} \; -exec grep banana {} \;

資料來源

How can I use two bash commands in -exec of find command?

find -exec with multiple commands
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5119946/find-exec-with-multiple-commands

例如：找到的 .bmp 的檔案，想輸出成 .png ，或取代掉檔案名裡的特定符號。

Using Brace Expansion:

find . -name "*.in" -exec bash -c 'python script.py "${0%.*}"{.in,.out}' {} \;

Using Shell Parameter Expansion:

find . -name "*.in" -exec bash -c 'python script.py "${0} ${0/.in/.out}"' {} \;

Result:

python script.py somefile.in somefile.out

To replace the first occurrence of a pattern with a given string, use ${parameter/pattern/string}:

#!/bin/bash
firstString="I love Suzi and Marry"
secondString="Sara"
echo "${firstString/Suzi/$secondString}"    
# prints 'I love Sara and Marry'

To replace all occurrences, use ${parameter//pattern/string}:

message='The secret code is 12345'
echo "${message//[0-9]/X}"           
# prints 'The secret code is XXXXX'

(This is documented in the Bash Reference Manual, §3.5.3 “Shell Parameter Expansion”.)

要在 macOS 裡增加 “U_” 的 prefix 的方法：

find . -name “*.png” -type f -exec bash -c ‘mv $0 ${0/\.\//\.\/U_}’ {} \;

直接使用下面的方法，會失敗

find . -type f -exec bash -c 'mv $0 yourPrefix$0' {} \;

詳細用法

Variable expansion / Substring replacement

These constructs have been adopted from ksh.

${var:pos}
Variable var expanded, starting from offset pos.

${var:pos:len}
Expansion to a max of len characters of variable var, from offset pos.

${var/Pattern/Replacement}
First match of Pattern, within var replaced with Replacement.

If Replacement is omitted, then the first match of Pattern is replaced by nothing, that is, deleted.

${var//Pattern/Replacement}
Global replacement. All matches of Pattern, within var replaced with Replacement.

As above, if Replacement is omitted, then all occurrences of Pattern are replaced by nothing, that is, deleted.

stringZ=abcABC123ABCabc

echo ${stringZ/abc/xyz}       # xyzABC123ABCabc
                              # Replaces first match of 'abc' with 'xyz'.

echo ${stringZ//abc/xyz}      # xyzABC123ABCxyz
                              # Replaces all matches of 'abc' with # 'xyz'.

echo  ---------------
echo "$stringZ"               # abcABC123ABCabc
echo  ---------------
                              # The string itself is not altered!

# Can the match and replacement strings be parameterized?
match=abc
repl=000
echo ${stringZ/$match/$repl}  # 000ABC123ABCabc
#              ^      ^         ^^^
echo ${stringZ//$match/$repl} # 000ABC123ABC000
# Yes!          ^      ^        ^^^         ^^^

echo

# What happens if no $replacement string is supplied?
echo ${stringZ/abc}           # ABC123ABCabc
echo ${stringZ//abc}          # ABC123ABC
# A simple deletion takes place.

${var/#Pattern/Replacement}
If prefix of var matches Pattern, then substitute Replacement for Pattern.

${var/%Pattern/Replacement}
If suffix of var matches Pattern, then substitute Replacement for Pattern.

stringZ=abcABC123ABCabc

echo ${stringZ/#abc/XYZ} # XYZABC123ABCabc
# Replaces front-end match of ‘abc’ with ‘XYZ’.

echo ${stringZ/%abc/XYZ} # abcABC123ABCXYZ
# Replaces back-end match of ‘abc’ with ‘XYZ’.

${!varprefix*}, ${!varprefix@}

Matches names of all previously declared variables beginning with varprefix.

資料來源：

How to substitute string in {} in “find (…) -exec (…) {} \;” bash command?
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50406662/how-to-substitute-string-in-in-find-exec-bash-command#=

Bash variable substitution on find’s output through exec
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30481590/bash-variable-substitution-on-finds-output-through-exec

Use current filename (“{}”) multiple times in “find -exec”?
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12965400/use-current-filename-multiple-times-in-find-exec

from tkinter import * 
window = Tk() 
window.mainloop()

error message:

macOS 11 or later required

runtime screen:

網傳解法：

This is an issue in the way brew installs Python (source). If you install Python directly via the official installer here then tkinter should work as expected.

重新下載官方的Python，下載用網址：
https://www.python.org/downloads/

會下載檔案：python-3.x.x-macosx1x.x.pkg, 點2下即可開始安裝 python為新的版本。

相關網頁

Interpreter crashes trying to use tkinter library
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65315077/interpreter-crashes-trying-to-use-tkinter-library

Python Tkinter crashes on macOS 11.1 beta
https://bugs.python.org/issue42480

import os
print(os.path.expanduser('~'))

You can also query the environment variables for the HOME variable −

import os
print(os.environ['HOME'])

If you’re on Python 3.4+, you can also use pathlib module to get the home directory. 

example

from pathlib import Path
print(Path.home())

設定Ramdisk大小，單位(MB)
SIZE=512
磁碟名稱
DISKNAME=Ramdisk
當Ramdisk不存在時建立他
if [[ ! -d /Volumes/${DISKNAME} ]]; then
DISK_ID=hdiutil attach -nomount ram://$(( ${SIZE} * 1024 * 1024 / 512 ))
diskutil partitionDisk $DISK_ID GPT APFS "${DISKNAME}" 0
fi
echo "Ramdisk path: /Volumes/${DISKNAME}"

執行畫面：

資料來源：

在macOS (OSX)上建立APFS的高性能Ramdisk
https://blog.jhangy.us/post/create-ramdisk-on-macos/

If existing symlinks belong to python 3.7 you should unlink them:
brew unlink python

Basically all you need to do:
brew link --force python@3.8

最後下：

brew reinstall python@3.8

就完成了，需要重開機一次，讓系統變數套成新的設定值。

使用：

brew info python@3.8 

可以看到目前 python 3.8 出到那一版，執行畫面：

查看目前 python 執行環境版本的方法：

import sys
print(sys.version)

為什麼需要去查詢呢？因為有些程式會內建python （例如:fontforge)，如果對方包進程式裡的 python 比我們系統的還新，會造成外部的 package 通通是無效的，無法使用我們環境上的 package，造成程式都無法執行，會顯示ModuleNotFoundError: No module named， module不存在。

取得 Python site-packages directory 的 path:

import site
site.getsitepackages()

輸出結果：

['/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages']

如果遇到 FontForge 執行外部python 檔案，顯示 module 不存在，請先找出你的系統裡 python package 的路徑，再把 site-packages 複製一份到 FontForge 的目錄下，例如：

cp -r /usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/* /Applications/FontForge.app/Contents/Resources/opt/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages