Selenium 使用 Chrome 瀏覽器 webdriver
如果你不會寫程式,針對電腦只會使用滑鼠的使用者,目前我們有提供點2下就可以動的執行檔,請參考教學影片:
拓元售票系統使用Max自動搶票機器人(2018/11/23)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX8u2iF1Gm8
上面影片裡的exe執行檔的下載點:
Max的拓元搶票機器人
https://max-everyday.com/2018/03/tixcraft-bot/
Facebook粉絲團:
https://www.facebook.com/maxbot.ticket/
之前 2018-12-14 的版本可以指定日期和區域:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSOBgcrMmuA
如果你是Firefox瀏覽器的愛好者請參考這一篇:Selenium 使用Firefox 瀏覽器 webdriver
https://stackoverflow.max-everyday.com/2018/11/selenium-firefox-webdriver/
接下來文章內容是要寫給想要「練功」或「有一些電腦基礎」而且有辦法在「命令提示字元」(Windows平台)或的終端機(Linux/Mac平台)執行指令的人。
Step 1:要安裝 python
附註1:如果是 Linux 或 MacOS 平台,可以略過 Step1,因為內建就有 python, python2 或 python3 都可以,不限定版本,建議到 python 的官方網站下載並安裝最新 python 3.x 的版本。
附註2:除了python 如果你懂其他程式語言(例如:java)也可以實作,不限於python程式語言,大同小異)
Step 2:要安裝 pip
附註:這個太簡單,如果你的電腦裡沒有pip 指令,自行google 看看如何安裝。
Step 3:安裝selenium套件,請執行指令:
pip install selenium
如果在 Linux 或 MacOS 平台裡執行pip install 失敗,請先pip install virtualenv. 我自己本身是使用 macOS, 一開始是無法安裝,使用 virtualenv,是一定可以跑,後來不知道修改到什麼,變成不用進入 venv 環境裡也可以直接執行。
如果是 Windows平台,請直接跳到 Step 4.
virtualenv 基礎教學:
http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/dev/virtualenvs/
Step 4:下載ChromeDriver
ChromeDriver 說明:
ChromeDriver 可以讓 Selenium Server 呼叫 Google Chrome 執行,ChromeDriver 網站:
https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/
ChromeDriver 下載頁面:
https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads
附註1:ChromeDriver目前有支援 Linux 64bit / macOS 64bit / Windows 32bit (64bit 也可以執行 32bit程式)
附註2:除了有 ChromeDriver 還有 SafariDriver 可以讓 Selenium Server 呼叫 Safari 瀏覽器來執行,參考看看 Safari Extension,建議使用ChromeDriver即可。
太舊的 chrome 執行起來會有問題,請先更新chrome瀏覽器為最近的版本,更新方式為:「設定」->「關於Chrome」。

完成 step 3 的 selenium 的安裝,和 step 4 下載ChromeDriver 之後,先試看看這個sample code:
from selenium import webdriver
chromedriver = "/Users/max/Documents/chromedriver"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chromedriver)
driver.get("http://tw.yahoo.com/")
- 說明1:這個ChromeDriver 路徑請換成您電腦實際下載的資料夾。
- 說明2:這個範例會開一個新的 chrome 視窗並連到網址 http://tw.yahoo.com/
- 附註:目前的範例是透過 python 去控制 selenium + chromedriver,如果你懂其他的程式語言,也是可以實作的出來。
範例 2 號:
from selenium import webdriver chromedriver = "/Users/max/Documents/chromedriver" driver = webdriver.Chrome(chromedriver)
driver.get('http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/') driver.set_window_position(0,0) #瀏覽器位置 driver.set_window_size(700,700) #瀏覽器大小 driver.find_element_by_link_text('天氣預報').click() #點擊頁面上"天氣預報"的連結
webdriver有許多方法,
範例 2 號使用的是find_element_by_link_text(),還有許多方法如下:
find_element_by_name() find_element_by_id() find_element_by_tag_name() find_element_by_partial_link_text() find_element_by_css_selector()
另一種用法:
area = el.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, “a”)
- By.TAG_NAME
- By.CSS_SELECTOR
用法可以參考SeleniumHQ:
http://www.seleniumhq.org/docs/03_webdriver.jsp
關於 macOS 的 Safari’s WebDriver
如果 macOS 版本是High Sierra and later,請Run:
safaridriver --enable
once. (If you’re upgrading from a previous macOS release, you may need to use sudo.)
如果 macOS 版本是 Sierra and earlier:
- If you haven’t already done so, make the Develop menu available. Choose Safari > Preferences, and on the Advanced tab, select “Show Develop menu in menu bar.” For details, see Safari Help.
- Choose Develop > Allow Remote Automation.
- Authorize
safaridriver
to launch the XPC service that hosts the local web server. To permit this, manually run/usr/bin/safaridriver
once and follow the authentication prompt.
常見問題(Q&A)
Q:網速到底有沒有差?
光世代有分300M/100M,100m/40m,請知道的是如果在同樣的操作環境,人也一樣,那300m的會不會比100m的更高的機率買到票? 到底什麼是比別人快買到票的關鍵因素?? 售票系統的運作原理是什麼? 為何我的手速也很快了,但為什麼一進去票就是都被買了?他們到底是什麼原因比我快進去,快送出購票請求??
A:高速的網路下載速度是有差異的,也許差幾個毫秒吧,以100Mbps和20Mbps來說下載一個拓元的網頁可能差異不大。
買票前建議先試著去買其他表演,事先下載好購票網頁會使用到的 javascript 和 css 檔案,可以透過離線檔案的快取(cache) 加速網頁的反應時間。
建議使用chrome 瀏覽器來搶票,反應時間會快一點。
「售票系統的運作原理」不難,google 一下就可以看到大量的實作和原理教學,在這裡就不詳述。以目前常見的網頁相關技術來說,在網路上大型的網站實作原理都大同小異,大致上會使用負載平衡(load balance)架構分散主機的網頁流量和要求,通常是(但不是絕對)在資料庫的伺服器那一段程式碼來決定那一個要求可以買到票的,大多數伺服器在處理排隊(queue)的要求是先進先出(first in first out),所以如果你的網路早一點下載完網頁,早一點執行完javascript,早一點送出搶票的要求,理論上搶到票的機率會高一點。
Q:您提到,拓元有分 detail 和 game, 連到game的網址,搶票才會快,假如一開始時間還沒到,「立即購票」的按鈕根本還沒出現,用這個方法,要怎麼使用呢??
A:detail 網址和 game 網址是一樣的,是獨立的,在購票流程裡你可以對可以購票的場次各使用 detail 和 game 網址去訂一次票,就可以知道其中差異,速度上 game 網址也可以買到票,由於傳回的網頁裡的資訊還有所執行的javascript較少,理論上也許會快幾個毫秒。
Q:用搶票機器人,跟手動的差別? 這個問題主要是問,機器人的速度跟用手動的速度,會差距明顯嗎?手的速度能不能贏過機器人?
A:我有放示範用的youtube影片,那個反應時間以人類手指和眼球速度應該無法超越。
Q:能開發軟體嗎?讓不懂程式的人也可以用?
A:
目前有執行檔,不懂程式的人可以在 Windows/Mac/Linux 平台上可以直接執行。
附註1:「搶票軟體」無法保證可以買的到票,也許還有很多其他人使用了機器人來搶票。
問題2:「搶票軟體」拓元網頁會改版,也許會造成功能不正常。
Q:有試著安裝及研究python,也成執行了webdriver幾個範例,但是還是不了解要如何寫出與您所說一支小程式來搶票?
A:請先學會如何透過python 程式自動去點畫面上的按鈕,或使用點2下就可以跑的執行檔。
Q:怎麼像你一樣在已開啟及已登入的視窗執行python?
A:python會全開啟一個全新的視窗,請使用該視窗去登入 Google/Facebook/Pixel Pin.
Q:你的教程中,電腦用的是Linux的系統,Windows系統是無法使用嗎?
A:Windows 也可以使用哦。而且語法相同。ChromeDriver目前有支援 Linux 64bit / macOS 64bit / Windows 32bit (64bit 也可以執行 32bit程式)檔案下載:
http://chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads

Q:如何判斷某一個網址,去做特定事情?
A:
while True: time.sleep(0.2) url = "" try: url = driver.current_url except Exception as exc: pass if url is None: continue else: if len(url) == 0: continue print(url)
Q:google提供的擴充附件外掛 官方是不是會查出來?
A:這不是google提供。不確定官方是不是查的出來,要查的出來的可能很低,難度也很高,難在伺服器端很難判斷用戶是否為機器人。
Q:環境是Win10 64bit 執行畫面顯示,我雙擊 chromedriver 後,畫面顯示「Only local connections are allowed.」,是不是這個機械人不設海外購票?
A:

Starting ChromeDriver 2.44(……) on port 9515
Only local connections are allowed.
直接執行 chromedriver.exe 是會顯示上面的訊息沒錯,ChromeDriver 的架構如下:

說明:上面三個正方形各代表一個執行檔,你雙擊 chromedriver.exe 是執行上面第二個正方形,最右邊的是chrome瀏覽器,最左邊的是我們寫的python應用程式,透過ChromeDriver可以認識的指令去操作ChromeDriver, ChromeDriver 進而在同一台電腦裡遠端去控制chrome瀏覽器。
實際範例:
如果有一個html 長的像醬子:

該按鈕的 html code:
<input class="btn btn-next" data-href="/ticket/area/18_RBTW/4029" name="yt0" type="button" value="立即訂購">
要取到該按鈕的 python code:
el = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('.btn-next')
讓按鈕產生點擊的事件的 python code:
el.click()
有可能會找不到element
How to use the try/except with Selenium Webdriver when having Exceptions on Python
To be able to use required exception you have to import it first with correct name (NoSuchElement
-> NoSuchElementException
):
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
try:
WebDriver.find_element_by_css_selector('div[class="..."')
except NoSuchElementException:
ActionToRunInCaseNoSuchElementTrue
Using JavaScript
element = driver.execute_script("return $('.cheese')[0]")
設定 select 裡的值:
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select select = Select(driver.find_element_by_tag_name("select")) select.select_by_visible_text("Edam")
勾選 checkbox :
You can “toggle” the state of checkboxes, and you can use “click” to set
html:
<input type="checkbox" value="1" name="TicketForm[agree]" id="TicketForm_agree">
python code:
el = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#TicketForm_agree')
or
driver.execute_script("$('#TicketForm_agree').prop('checked', true);")
附註:讓輸入框focus 請用 javascript:
$('#TicketForm_verifyCode').focus()
WebDriver Status
https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/docs/chromedriver_status.md
這些是目前 WebDriver 支援的指令。
webdriver.py 實際的原始碼,理論上不需要去看,大部份的人也看不懂
"""The WebDriver implementation.""" import base64 import copy import warnings from contextlib import contextmanager from .command import Command from .webelement import WebElement from .remote_connection import RemoteConnection from .errorhandler import ErrorHandler from .switch_to import SwitchTo from .mobile import Mobile from .file_detector import FileDetector, LocalFileDetector from selenium.common.exceptions import (InvalidArgumentException, WebDriverException) from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.common.html5.application_cache import ApplicationCache try: str = basestring except NameError: pass _W3C_CAPABILITY_NAMES = frozenset([ 'acceptInsecureCerts', 'browserName', 'browserVersion', 'platformName', 'pageLoadStrategy', 'proxy', 'setWindowRect', 'timeouts', 'unhandledPromptBehavior', ]) _OSS_W3C_CONVERSION = { 'acceptSslCerts': 'acceptInsecureCerts', 'version': 'browserVersion', 'platform': 'platformName' } def _make_w3c_caps(caps): """Makes a W3C alwaysMatch capabilities object. Filters out capability names that are not in the W3C spec. Spec-compliant drivers will reject requests containing unknown capability names. Moves the Firefox profile, if present, from the old location to the new Firefox options object. :Args: - caps - A dictionary of capabilities requested by the caller. """ caps = copy.deepcopy(caps) profile = caps.get('firefox_profile') always_match = {} if caps.get('proxy') and caps['proxy'].get('proxyType'): caps['proxy']['proxyType'] = caps['proxy']['proxyType'].lower() for k, v in caps.items(): if v and k in _OSS_W3C_CONVERSION: always_match[_OSS_W3C_CONVERSION[k]] = v.lower() if k == 'platform' else v if k in _W3C_CAPABILITY_NAMES or ':' in k: always_match[k] = v if profile: moz_opts = always_match.get('moz:firefoxOptions', {}) # If it's already present, assume the caller did that intentionally. if 'profile' not in moz_opts: # Don't mutate the original capabilities. new_opts = copy.deepcopy(moz_opts) new_opts['profile'] = profile always_match['moz:firefoxOptions'] = new_opts return {"firstMatch": [{}], "alwaysMatch": always_match} class WebDriver(object): """ Controls a browser by sending commands to a remote server. This server is expected to be running the WebDriver wire protocol as defined at https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol :Attributes: - session_id - String ID of the browser session started and controlled by this WebDriver. - capabilities - Dictionaty of effective capabilities of this browser session as returned by the remote server. See https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/DesiredCapabilities - command_executor - remote_connection.RemoteConnection object used to execute commands. - error_handler - errorhandler.ErrorHandler object used to handle errors. """ _web_element_cls = WebElement def __init__(self, command_executor='http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub', desired_capabilities=None, browser_profile=None, proxy=None, keep_alive=False, file_detector=None, options=None): """ Create a new driver that will issue commands using the wire protocol. :Args: - command_executor - Either a string representing URL of the remote server or a custom remote_connection.RemoteConnection object. Defaults to 'http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub'. - desired_capabilities - A dictionary of capabilities to request when starting the browser session. Required parameter. - browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested. Optional. - proxy - A selenium.webdriver.common.proxy.Proxy object. The browser session will be started with given proxy settings, if possible. Optional. - keep_alive - Whether to configure remote_connection.RemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive. Defaults to False. - file_detector - Pass custom file detector object during instantiation. If None, then default LocalFileDetector() will be used. - options - instance of a driver options.Options class """ if desired_capabilities is None: raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities can't be None") if not isinstance(desired_capabilities, dict): raise WebDriverException("Desired Capabilities must be a dictionary") if proxy is not None: warnings.warn("Please use FirefoxOptions to set proxy", DeprecationWarning) proxy.add_to_capabilities(desired_capabilities) if options is not None: desired_capabilities.update(options.to_capabilities()) self.command_executor = command_executor if type(self.command_executor) is bytes or isinstance(self.command_executor, str): self.command_executor = RemoteConnection(command_executor, keep_alive=keep_alive) self._is_remote = True self.session_id = None self.capabilities = {} self.error_handler = ErrorHandler() self.start_client() if browser_profile is not None: warnings.warn("Please use FirefoxOptions to set browser profile", DeprecationWarning) self.start_session(desired_capabilities, browser_profile) self._switch_to = SwitchTo(self) self._mobile = Mobile(self) self.file_detector = file_detector or LocalFileDetector() def __repr__(self): return '<{0.__module__}.{0.__name__} (session="{1}")>'.format( type(self), self.session_id) @contextmanager def file_detector_context(self, file_detector_class, *args, **kwargs): """ Overrides the current file detector (if necessary) in limited context. Ensures the original file detector is set afterwards. Example: with webdriver.file_detector_context(UselessFileDetector): someinput.send_keys('/etc/hosts') :Args: - file_detector_class - Class of the desired file detector. If the class is different from the current file_detector, then the class is instantiated with args and kwargs and used as a file detector during the duration of the context manager. - args - Optional arguments that get passed to the file detector class during instantiation. - kwargs - Keyword arguments, passed the same way as args. """ last_detector = None if not isinstance(self.file_detector, file_detector_class): last_detector = self.file_detector self.file_detector = file_detector_class(*args, **kwargs) try: yield finally: if last_detector is not None: self.file_detector = last_detector @property def mobile(self): return self._mobile @property def name(self): """Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance. :Usage: name = driver.name """ if 'browserName' in self.capabilities: return self.capabilities['browserName'] else: raise KeyError('browserName not specified in session capabilities') def start_client(self): """ Called before starting a new session. This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior. """ pass def stop_client(self): """ Called after executing a quit command. This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown behavior. """ pass def start_session(self, capabilities, browser_profile=None): """ Creates a new session with the desired capabilities. :Args: - browser_name - The name of the browser to request. - version - Which browser version to request. - platform - Which platform to request the browser on. - javascript_enabled - Whether the new session should support JavaScript. - browser_profile - A selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile.FirefoxProfile object. Only used if Firefox is requested. """ if not isinstance(capabilities, dict): raise InvalidArgumentException("Capabilities must be a dictionary") if browser_profile: if "moz:firefoxOptions" in capabilities: capabilities["moz:firefoxOptions"]["profile"] = browser_profile.encoded else: capabilities.update({'firefox_profile': browser_profile.encoded}) w3c_caps = _make_w3c_caps(capabilities) parameters = {"capabilities": w3c_caps, "desiredCapabilities": capabilities} response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, parameters) if 'sessionId' not in response: response = response['value'] self.session_id = response['sessionId'] self.capabilities = response.get('value') # if capabilities is none we are probably speaking to # a W3C endpoint if self.capabilities is None: self.capabilities = response.get('capabilities') # Double check to see if we have a W3C Compliant browser self.w3c = response.get('status') is None self.command_executor.w3c = self.w3c def _wrap_value(self, value): if isinstance(value, dict): converted = {} for key, val in value.items(): converted[key] = self._wrap_value(val) return converted elif isinstance(value, self._web_element_cls): return {'ELEMENT': value.id, 'element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf': value.id} elif isinstance(value, list): return list(self._wrap_value(item) for item in value) else: return value def create_web_element(self, element_id): """Creates a web element with the specified `element_id`.""" return self._web_element_cls(self, element_id, w3c=self.w3c) def _unwrap_value(self, value): if isinstance(value, dict): if 'ELEMENT' in value or 'element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf' in value: wrapped_id = value.get('ELEMENT', None) if wrapped_id: return self.create_web_element(value['ELEMENT']) else: return self.create_web_element(value['element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf']) else: for key, val in value.items(): value[key] = self._unwrap_value(val) return value elif isinstance(value, list): return list(self._unwrap_value(item) for item in value) else: return value def execute(self, driver_command, params=None): """ Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor. :Args: - driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string. - params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command. :Returns: The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object. """ if self.session_id is not None: if not params: params = {'sessionId': self.session_id} elif 'sessionId' not in params: params['sessionId'] = self.session_id params = self._wrap_value(params) response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params) if response: self.error_handler.check_response(response) response['value'] = self._unwrap_value( response.get('value', None)) return response # If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was # a success return {'success': 0, 'value': None, 'sessionId': self.session_id} def get(self, url): """ Loads a web page in the current browser session. """ self.execute(Command.GET, {'url': url}) @property def title(self): """Returns the title of the current page. :Usage: title = driver.title """ resp = self.execute(Command.GET_TITLE) return resp['value'] if resp['value'] is not None else "" def find_element_by_id(self, id_): """Finds an element by id. :Args: - id\_ - The id of the element to be found. :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_id('foo') """ return self.find_element(by=By.ID, value=id_) def find_elements_by_id(self, id_): """ Finds multiple elements by id. :Args: - id\_ - The id of the elements to be found. :Returns: - list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_id('foo') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.ID, value=id_) def find_element_by_xpath(self, xpath): """ Finds an element by xpath. :Args: - xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find. :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]') """ return self.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath) def find_elements_by_xpath(self, xpath): """ Finds multiple elements by xpath. :Args: - xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found. :Returns: - list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]") """ return self.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value=xpath) def find_element_by_link_text(self, link_text): """ Finds an element by link text. :Args: - link_text: The text of the element to be found. :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In') """ return self.find_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=link_text) def find_elements_by_link_text(self, text): """ Finds elements by link text. :Args: - link_text: The text of the elements to be found. :Returns: - list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=text) def find_element_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text): """ Finds an element by a partial match of its link text. :Args: - link_text: The text of the element to partially match on. :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign') """ return self.find_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text) def find_elements_by_partial_link_text(self, link_text): """ Finds elements by a partial match of their link text. :Args: - link_text: The text of the element to partial match on. :Returns: - list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text('Sign') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=link_text) def find_element_by_name(self, name): """ Finds an element by name. :Args: - name: The name of the element to find. :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_name('foo') """ return self.find_element(by=By.NAME, value=name) def find_elements_by_name(self, name): """ Finds elements by name. :Args: - name: The name of the elements to find. :Returns: - list of webelement - a list with elements if any was found. an empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_name('foo') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.NAME, value=name) def find_element_by_tag_name(self, name): """ Finds an element by tag name. :Args: - name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span) :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1') """ return self.find_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name) def find_elements_by_tag_name(self, name): """ Finds elements by tag name. :Args: - name - name of html tag (eg: h1, a, span) :Returns: - list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('h1') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=name) def find_element_by_class_name(self, name): """ Finds an element by class name. :Args: - name: The class name of the element to find. :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo') """ return self.find_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name) def find_elements_by_class_name(self, name): """ Finds elements by class name. :Args: - name: The class name of the elements to find. :Returns: - list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=name) def find_element_by_css_selector(self, css_selector): """ Finds an element by css selector. :Args: - css_selector - CSS selector string, ex: 'a.nav#home' :Returns: - WebElement - the element if it was found :Raises: - NoSuchElementException - if the element wasn't found :Usage: element = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo') """ return self.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector) def find_elements_by_css_selector(self, css_selector): """ Finds elements by css selector. :Args: - css_selector - CSS selector string, ex: 'a.nav#home' :Returns: - list of WebElement - a list with elements if any was found. An empty list if not :Usage: elements = driver.find_elements_by_css_selector('.foo') """ return self.find_elements(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=css_selector) def execute_script(self, script, *args): """ Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame. :Args: - script: The JavaScript to execute. - \*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript. :Usage: driver.execute_script('return document.title;') """ converted_args = list(args) command = None if self.w3c: command = Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT else: command = Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT return self.execute(command, { 'script': script, 'args': converted_args})['value'] def execute_async_script(self, script, *args): """ Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame. :Args: - script: The JavaScript to execute. - \*args: Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript. :Usage: script = "var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1]; " \ "window.setTimeout(function(){ callback('timeout') }, 3000);" driver.execute_async_script(script) """ converted_args = list(args) if self.w3c: command = Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC else: command = Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT return self.execute(command, { 'script': script, 'args': converted_args})['value'] @property def current_url(self): """ Gets the URL of the current page. :Usage: driver.current_url """ return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_URL)['value'] @property def page_source(self): """ Gets the source of the current page. :Usage: driver.page_source """ return self.execute(Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE)['value'] def close(self): """ Closes the current window. :Usage: driver.close() """ self.execute(Command.CLOSE) def quit(self): """ Quits the driver and closes every associated window. :Usage: driver.quit() """ try: self.execute(Command.QUIT) finally: self.stop_client() @property def current_window_handle(self): """ Returns the handle of the current window. :Usage: driver.current_window_handle """ if self.w3c: return self.execute(Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value'] else: return self.execute(Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE)['value'] @property def window_handles(self): """ Returns the handles of all windows within the current session. :Usage: driver.window_handles """ if self.w3c: return self.execute(Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value'] else: return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES)['value'] def maximize_window(self): """ Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using """ command = Command.MAXIMIZE_WINDOW if self.w3c: command = Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW self.execute(command, {"windowHandle": "current"}) def fullscreen_window(self): """ Invokes the window manager-specific 'full screen' operation """ self.execute(Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW) def minimize_window(self): """ Invokes the window manager-specific 'minimize' operation """ self.execute(Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW) @property def switch_to(self): """ :Returns: - SwitchTo: an object containing all options to switch focus into :Usage: element = driver.switch_to.active_element alert = driver.switch_to.alert driver.switch_to.default_content() driver.switch_to.frame('frame_name') driver.switch_to.frame(1) driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("iframe")[0]) driver.switch_to.parent_frame() driver.switch_to.window('main') """ return self._switch_to # Target Locators def switch_to_active_element(self): """ Deprecated use driver.switch_to.active_element """ warnings.warn("use driver.switch_to.active_element instead", DeprecationWarning) return self._switch_to.active_element def switch_to_window(self, window_name): """ Deprecated use driver.switch_to.window """ warnings.warn("use driver.switch_to.window instead", DeprecationWarning) self._switch_to.window(window_name) def switch_to_frame(self, frame_reference): """ Deprecated use driver.switch_to.frame """ warnings.warn("use driver.switch_to.frame instead", DeprecationWarning) self._switch_to.frame(frame_reference) def switch_to_default_content(self): """ Deprecated use driver.switch_to.default_content """ warnings.warn("use driver.switch_to.default_content instead", DeprecationWarning) self._switch_to.default_content() def switch_to_alert(self): """ Deprecated use driver.switch_to.alert """ warnings.warn("use driver.switch_to.alert instead", DeprecationWarning) return self._switch_to.alert # Navigation def back(self): """ Goes one step backward in the browser history. :Usage: driver.back() """ self.execute(Command.GO_BACK) def forward(self): """ Goes one step forward in the browser history. :Usage: driver.forward() """ self.execute(Command.GO_FORWARD) def refresh(self): """ Refreshes the current page. :Usage: driver.refresh() """ self.execute(Command.REFRESH) # Options def get_cookies(self): """ Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current session. :Usage: driver.get_cookies() """ return self.execute(Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES)['value'] def get_cookie(self, name): """ Get a single cookie by name. Returns the cookie if found, None if not. :Usage: driver.get_cookie('my_cookie') """ cookies = self.get_cookies() for cookie in cookies: if cookie['name'] == name: return cookie return None def delete_cookie(self, name): """ Deletes a single cookie with the given name. :Usage: driver.delete_cookie('my_cookie') """ self.execute(Command.DELETE_COOKIE, {'name': name}) def delete_all_cookies(self): """ Delete all cookies in the scope of the session. :Usage: driver.delete_all_cookies() """ self.execute(Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES) def add_cookie(self, cookie_dict): """ Adds a cookie to your current session. :Args: - cookie_dict: A dictionary object, with required keys - "name" and "value"; optional keys - "path", "domain", "secure", "expiry" Usage: driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar'}) driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/'}) driver.add_cookie({'name' : 'foo', 'value' : 'bar', 'path' : '/', 'secure':True}) """ self.execute(Command.ADD_COOKIE, {'cookie': cookie_dict}) # Timeouts def implicitly_wait(self, time_to_wait): """ Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found, or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one time per session. To set the timeout for calls to execute_async_script, see set_script_timeout. :Args: - time_to_wait: Amount of time to wait (in seconds) :Usage: driver.implicitly_wait(30) """ if self.w3c: self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, { 'implicit': int(float(time_to_wait) * 1000)}) else: self.execute(Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT, { 'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000}) def set_script_timeout(self, time_to_wait): """ Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an execute_async_script call before throwing an error. :Args: - time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait (in seconds) :Usage: driver.set_script_timeout(30) """ if self.w3c: self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, { 'script': int(float(time_to_wait) * 1000)}) else: self.execute(Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT, { 'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000}) def set_page_load_timeout(self, time_to_wait): """ Set the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete before throwing an error. :Args: - time_to_wait: The amount of time to wait :Usage: driver.set_page_load_timeout(30) """ try: self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, { 'pageLoad': int(float(time_to_wait) * 1000)}) except WebDriverException: self.execute(Command.SET_TIMEOUTS, { 'ms': float(time_to_wait) * 1000, 'type': 'page load'}) def find_element(self, by=By.ID, value=None): """ 'Private' method used by the find_element_by_* methods. :Usage: Use the corresponding find_element_by_* instead of this. :rtype: WebElement """ if self.w3c: if by == By.ID: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR value = '[id="%s"]' % value elif by == By.TAG_NAME: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR elif by == By.CLASS_NAME: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR value = ".%s" % value elif by == By.NAME: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR value = '[name="%s"]' % value return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENT, { 'using': by, 'value': value})['value'] def find_elements(self, by=By.ID, value=None): """ 'Private' method used by the find_elements_by_* methods. :Usage: Use the corresponding find_elements_by_* instead of this. :rtype: list of WebElement """ if self.w3c: if by == By.ID: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR value = '[id="%s"]' % value elif by == By.TAG_NAME: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR elif by == By.CLASS_NAME: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR value = ".%s" % value elif by == By.NAME: by = By.CSS_SELECTOR value = '[name="%s"]' % value # Return empty list if driver returns null # See https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/4555 return self.execute(Command.FIND_ELEMENTS, { 'using': by, 'value': value})['value'] or [] @property def desired_capabilities(self): """ returns the drivers current desired capabilities being used """ return self.capabilities def get_screenshot_as_file(self, filename): """ Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename. :Args: - filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This should end with a `.png` extension. :Usage: driver.get_screenshot_as_file('/Screenshots/foo.png') """ if not filename.lower().endswith('.png'): warnings.warn("name used for saved screenshot does not match file " "type. It should end with a `.png` extension", UserWarning) png = self.get_screenshot_as_png() try: with open(filename, 'wb') as f: f.write(png) except IOError: return False finally: del png return True def save_screenshot(self, filename): """ Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename. :Args: - filename: The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This should end with a `.png` extension. :Usage: driver.save_screenshot('/Screenshots/foo.png') """ return self.get_screenshot_as_file(filename) def get_screenshot_as_png(self): """ Gets the screenshot of the current window as a binary data. :Usage: driver.get_screenshot_as_png() """ return base64.b64decode(self.get_screenshot_as_base64().encode('ascii')) def get_screenshot_as_base64(self): """ Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which is useful in embedded images in HTML. :Usage: driver.get_screenshot_as_base64() """ return self.execute(Command.SCREENSHOT)['value'] def set_window_size(self, width, height, windowHandle='current'): """ Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo) :Args: - width: the width in pixels to set the window to - height: the height in pixels to set the window to :Usage: driver.set_window_size(800,600) """ if self.w3c: if windowHandle != 'current': warnings.warn("Only 'current' window is supported for W3C compatibile browsers.") self.set_window_rect(width=int(width), height=int(height)) else: self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_SIZE, { 'width': int(width), 'height': int(height), 'windowHandle': windowHandle}) def get_window_size(self, windowHandle='current'): """ Gets the width and height of the current window. :Usage: driver.get_window_size() """ command = Command.GET_WINDOW_SIZE if self.w3c: if windowHandle != 'current': warnings.warn("Only 'current' window is supported for W3C compatibile browsers.") size = self.get_window_rect() else: size = self.execute(command, {'windowHandle': windowHandle}) if size.get('value', None) is not None: size = size['value'] return {k: size[k] for k in ('width', 'height')} def set_window_position(self, x, y, windowHandle='current'): """ Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo) :Args: - x: the x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position - y: the y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position :Usage: driver.set_window_position(0,0) """ if self.w3c: if windowHandle != 'current': warnings.warn("Only 'current' window is supported for W3C compatibile browsers.") return self.set_window_rect(x=int(x), y=int(y)) else: self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_POSITION, { 'x': int(x), 'y': int(y), 'windowHandle': windowHandle }) def get_window_position(self, windowHandle='current'): """ Gets the x,y position of the current window. :Usage: driver.get_window_position() """ if self.w3c: if windowHandle != 'current': warnings.warn("Only 'current' window is supported for W3C compatibile browsers.") position = self.get_window_rect() else: position = self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_POSITION, {'windowHandle': windowHandle})['value'] return {k: position[k] for k in ('x', 'y')} def get_window_rect(self): """ Gets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window. :Usage: driver.get_window_rect() """ return self.execute(Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT)['value'] def set_window_rect(self, x=None, y=None, width=None, height=None): """ Sets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window. :Usage: driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10) driver.set_window_rect(width=100, height=200) driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10, width=100, height=200) """ if (x is None and y is None) and (height is None and width is None): raise InvalidArgumentException("x and y or height and width need values") return self.execute(Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT, {"x": x, "y": y, "width": width, "height": height})['value'] @property def file_detector(self): return self._file_detector @file_detector.setter def file_detector(self, detector): """ Set the file detector to be used when sending keyboard input. By default, this is set to a file detector that does nothing. see FileDetector see LocalFileDetector see UselessFileDetector :Args: - detector: The detector to use. Must not be None. """ if detector is None: raise WebDriverException("You may not set a file detector that is null") if not isinstance(detector, FileDetector): raise WebDriverException("Detector has to be instance of FileDetector") self._file_detector = detector @property def orientation(self): """ Gets the current orientation of the device :Usage: orientation = driver.orientation """ return self.execute(Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION)['value'] @orientation.setter def orientation(self, value): """ Sets the current orientation of the device :Args: - value: orientation to set it to. :Usage: driver.orientation = 'landscape' """ allowed_values = ['LANDSCAPE', 'PORTRAIT'] if value.upper() in allowed_values: self.execute(Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION, {'orientation': value}) else: raise WebDriverException("You can only set the orientation to 'LANDSCAPE' and 'PORTRAIT'") @property def application_cache(self): """ Returns a ApplicationCache Object to interact with the browser app cache""" return ApplicationCache(self) @property def log_types(self): """ Gets a list of the available log types :Usage: driver.log_types """ return self.execute(Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES)['value'] def get_log(self, log_type): """ Gets the log for a given log type :Args: - log_type: type of log that which will be returned :Usage: driver.get_log('browser') driver.get_log('driver') driver.get_log('client') driver.get_log('server') """ return self.execute(Command.GET_LOG, {'type': log_type})['value']
從目前的 source code 可以清楚的看到如何去使用 webdriver 物件。
下面的這個 chromedriver 切換 frame 的功能,如果你要是搶「熱門」的票,是遇不到的,熱門的場次都是「自動畫位」,所以不必自己去選坐位,自動選坐位會彈出在 iframe 裡,可以使用下面這行指令即可切換到選位的 iframe:
driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_element_by_xpath("//iframe[contains(@src,'/ticket/selectSeat/')]"))
selenium定位页面元素的时候会遇到定位不到的问题,明明元素就在那儿,用檢視原素也可以看到,就是定位不到,这种情况很有可能是frame在搞鬼。
frame标签有frameset、frame、iframe三种,frameset跟其他普通标签没有区别,不会影响到正常的定位,而frame与iframe对selenium定位而言是一样的,selenium有一组方法对frame进行操作。
1.怎么切到frame中(switch_to.frame())
selenium提供了switch_to.frame()方法来切换frame
switch_to.frame(reference)
reference是传入的参数,用来定位frame,可以传入id、name、index以及selenium的WebElement对象,假设有如下HTML代码 index.html:
<html lang="en"> <head> <title>FrameTest</title> </head> <body> <iframe src="a.html" id="frame1" name="myframe"></iframe> </body> </html>
想要定位其中的iframe并切进去,可以通过如下代码:
from selenium import webdriver driver = webdriver.Firefox() driver.switch_to.frame(0) # 1.用frame的index来定位,第一个是0 # driver.switch_to.frame("frame1") # 2.用id来定位 # driver.switch_to.frame("myframe") # 3.用name来定位 # driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_element_by_tag_name("iframe")) # 4.用WebElement对象来定位
通常采用id和name就能够解决绝大多数问题。但有时候frame并无这两项属性,则可以用index和WebElement来定位:
index从0开始,传入整型参数即判定为用index定位,传入str参数则判定为用id/name定位
WebElement对象,即用find_element系列方法所取得的对象,我们可以用tag_name、xpath等来定位frame对象
举个例子:
<iframe src="myframetest.html" />
用xpath定位,传入WebElement对象:
driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_element_by_xpath("//iframe[contains(@src,'myframe')]"))
2.从frame中切回主文档(switch_to.default_content())
切到frame中之后,我们便不能继续操作主文档的元素,这时如果想操作主文档内容,则需切回主文档。
driver.switch_to.default_content()
3.嵌套frame的操作(switch_to.parent_frame())
有时候我们会遇到嵌套的frame,如下:
<html> <iframe id="frame1"> <iframe id="frame2" / > </iframe> </html>
1.从主文档切到frame2,一层层切进去
driver.switch_to.frame("frame1") driver.switch_to.frame("frame2")
2.从frame2再切回frame1,这里selenium给我们提供了一个方法能够从子frame切回到父frame,而不用我们切回主文档再切进来。
driver.switch_to.parent_frame() # 如果当前已是主文档,则无效果
有了parent_frame()这个相当于后退的方法,我们可以随意切换不同的frame,随意的跳来跳去了。
所以只要善用以下三个方法,遇到frame分分钟搞定:
driver.switch_to.frame(reference) driver.switch_to.parent_frame() driver.switch_to.default_content()
如何在Server side(伺服器端)檢查使用者有沒開 chromedriver?
Can a website detect when you are using selenium with chromedriver?
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33225947/can-a-website-detect-when-you-are-using-selenium-with-chromedriver
上面文章不用去看了,我檢查過新的版本的 selenium 完全不會多產生上面的 key 值。
拓元在 2018-05-12 之後更新的javascript 如下:
function order_check() { var count = valueCount(["WMeBWmQEOdoAKQq0wKU8kv4k5VcwA3GjyISDUmtPZek="]), maxQuota = 4; if(!$("#TicketForm_agree").prop("checked")) { alert("\u8acb\u5148\u8a73\u95b1\u4e14\u540c\u610f\u6703\u54e1\u670d\u52d9\u689d\u6b3e\u5f8c\u518d\u884c\u9001\u51fa\u52d5\u4f5c\u3002"); } else if (count > maxQuota) { alert("\u55ae\u7b46\u4ea4\u6613\u6700\u591a\u53ef\u8cb7 \" + maxQuota + \" \u5f35"); } else if (count == 0) { alert("\u8acb\u81f3\u5c11\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u7a2e\u7968\u7a2e"); } else { var ticketType = ["WMeBWmQEOdoAKQq0wKU8kv4k5VcwA3GjyISDUmtPZek="], ticketTypeSelector = $("[name=\"" + ticketType.join("\"], [name=\"") + "\"]"); ticketTypeSelector.each(function() { $(this).attr("name", "TicketForm[ticketPrice][" + $(this).get(0).name + "]"); }); return true; } return false; } function valueCount(elements) { elements = countValById(elements); return elements.reduce(function(total, element) { return total + element; }, 0); } $("select[id=\"WMeBWmQEOdoAKQq0wKU8kv4k5VcwA3GjyISDUmtPZek=\"]").on("click", function(event) { if (!!event.originalEvent.isTrusted && !event.isTrigger) { $("#TicketForm_checked").attr("name", "TicketForm[ticketPrice][vQmwBD+sVq5AOWaOJrdiOQ5oIjAlhU38AxsBgnL1qkU=]"); } }); $("#TicketForm_agree").on("click", function(event) { if (!!event.originalEvent.isTrusted && !$(this).checked && !event.isTrigger) { $(this).attr("name", "TicketForm[agree][YnuMm9Vok/JcdY82p5pho4QaTg8m+p735VSWpPyjOfE=]"); } }) $("#TicketForm").on("change", function(event) { var ticketType = ["WMeBWmQEOdoAKQq0wKU8kv4k5VcwA3GjyISDUmtPZek="]; if (ticketType.indexOf(event.target.id) != -1) { var count = valueCount(ticketType), maxQuota = 4; if (count > maxQuota) { var num = parseInt($(event.target).val()) + (maxQuota - count); alert("\u55ae\u7b46\u4ea4\u6613\u6700\u591a\u53ef\u8cb7 \" + maxQuota + \" \u5f35\uff0c\u60a8\u5171\u9078\u64c7\u4e86 \" + count + \" \u5f35"); while ($(event.target).find("option[value=" + num + "]").length < 1 && num != 0) { num--; } $(event.target).val(num); } $("#ticketQuota").text(maxQuota - valueCount(ticketType)); } }); $("#TicketForm select").change();
<select class="mobile-select" name="WMeBWmQEOdoAKQq0wKU8kv4k5VcwA3GjyISDUmtPZek=" id="WMeBWmQEOdoAKQq0wKU8kv4k5VcwA3GjyISDUmtPZek="> <option value="0">0</option> <option value="1">1</option> <option value="2">2</option> <option value="3">3</option> <option value="4">4</option> </select>
針對上面的程式碼,如果使用
driver.execute_script("$('#TicketForm_agree').prop('checked', true);")
並不會觸發 onclick 事件。請改服用:
form_checkbox = None try: form_checkbox = driver.find_element(By.ID, 'TicketForm_agree') if form_checkbox is not None: try: form_checkbox.click() except Exception as exc: print "click TicketForm_agree fail" pass except NoSuchElementException: print "find TicketForm_agree fail"
附註, select box 比照 checkbox 的 code, 先產生 click 再去選取預期的張數即可。
2018年09月某一天 發現拓元的 javascript 又增加了幾個新的檢查點,javascript 如下:
function countValById(arr) { return arr.map(function(val) { return parseInt($("[id=\"" + val + "\"]").val()); }); } function order_check() { var count = valueCount(["gqQB0FXCgar2OyOvqUFZR1xujK9R1sO+OR6V6m\/unzY="]), maxQuota = 4; if(!$("#TicketForm_agree").prop("checked")) { alert("\u8acb\u5148\u8a73\u95b1\u4e14\u540c\u610f\u6703\u54e1\u670d\u52d9\u689d\u6b3e\u5f8c\u518d\u884c\u9001\u51fa\u52d5\u4f5c\u3002"); } else if (count > maxQuota) { alert("單筆交易最多可買 " + maxQuota + " 張"); } else if (count == 0) { alert("\u8acb\u81f3\u5c11\u9078\u64c7\u4e00\u7a2e\u7968\u7a2e"); } else { var ticketType = ["gqQB0FXCgar2OyOvqUFZR1xujK9R1sO+OR6V6m\/unzY="], ticketTypeSelector = $("[name=\"" + ticketType.join("\"], [name=\"") + "\"]"); ticketTypeSelector.each(function() { $(this).attr("name", "TicketForm[ticketPrice][" + $(this).get(0).name + "]"); }); return true; } return false; } function valueCount(elements) { elements = countValById(elements); return elements.reduce(function(total, element) { return total + element; }, 0); } $(document).ready(function() { var ticketType = ["gqQB0FXCgar2OyOvqUFZR1xujK9R1sO+OR6V6m\/unzY="], ticketTypeSelector = "[id='" + ticketType.join("'], [id='") + "']"; $("#TicketForm_agree").attr("name", "TicketForm[agrees]"); $("#TicketForm_checked").attr("name", "TicketForm[ticketPrice][checks][ + $(ticketTypeSelector).length + ]"); ravenCheck(ticketTypeSelector); $("#TicketForm").on("mousedown click touchstart", ticketTypeSelector, function(event) { $("#TicketForm_checked").attr("name", "s_" + event.originalEvent.isTrusted + "_" + event.isTrigger); if (event.originalEvent.isTrusted !== false && !event.isTrigger) { $("#TicketForm_checked").attr("name", "TicketForm[ticketPrice][5BQBWTBCQoAEPama/ehw8qJhA1lkdF0fH8J5eua5HSw=]"); } }).on("mousedown click touchstart", "#TicketForm_agree", function(event) { $(this).attr("name", "s_" + event.originalEvent.isTrusted + "_" + event.isTrigger); if (event.originalEvent.isTrusted !== false && !$(this).checked && !event.isTrigger) { $(this).attr("name", "TicketForm[agree][Dbk4t/2b/yoQPK0qAnhBljhX0JBLgehzAlwuEOBdEik=]"); } }).on("change", function(event) { if (ticketType.indexOf(event.target.id) != -1) { var count = valueCount(ticketType), maxQuota = 4; if (count > maxQuota) { var num = parseInt($(event.target).val()) + (maxQuota - count); alert("單筆交易最多可買 " + maxQuota + " 張,您共選擇了 " + count + " 張"); while ($(event.target).find("option[value=" + num + "]").length < 1 && num != 0) { num--; } $(event.target).val(num); } $("#ticketQuota").text(maxQuota - valueCount(ticketType)); } }); $("#TicketForm select").change(); }); jQuery(document).on('click', '#yw0', function(){ jQuery.ajax({ url: "\/ticket\/captcha?refresh=1", dataType: 'json', cache: false, success: function(data) { jQuery('#yw0').attr('src', data['url']); jQuery('body').data('captcha.hash', [data['hash1'], data['hash2']]); } }); return false; });
event.originalEvent.isTrusted
Event 介面的 isTrusted 唯讀屬性為一個布林值,若事件物件是由使用者操作而產生,則 isTrusted 值為 true。若事件物件是由程式碼所建立、修改,或是透過 EventTarget.dispatchEvent() 來觸發,則 isTrusted 值為 false。
Event.isTrusted
The isTrusted
read-only property of the Event
interface is a Boolean
that is true
when the event was generated by a user action such as mouse click, and false
when the event was scripted or invoked via dispatchEvent
.
This new property is intended primarily for use by browser extensions, to determine if an event was dispatched by a script running in the main world or not.
如果單純使用之前的程式,會讓 $(“#TicketForm_checked”).attr(“name”); 取得的結果為:
s_false_undefined
然後會造成搶票失敗,帳號會被登出。解法:
其實大多的情況下 Selenium 讓 Event.isTrusted 的結果是 True,調整一下網頁裡事件的執行順序就解決了,拓元很難透過網頁檢測是使用者透過機器人來輔助買票,如果你寫的程式可以被驗測到,代表調整一下順序應該就可以跳過檢查。
上面對很多沒學過 javascript 的應該看起來像是火星文,建議先學一下簡單的 javascript 和 jQuery.
不能確定下次開演唱會時,Max的搶票程式是否可以使用,因為拓元定期會改版。
selenium 的程式有一些限制,必需先知道:
- 1:會開出新的「視窗」,所以需要重新登入帳號。
- 2:不能使用新的「分頁」,程式只能控制第一個分頁,所以建議你開2~3個 selenium,放在背景,而且先都登入好會員,如果第一個視窗在搶票時遇到圈圈狂轉,這時候趕快派2號視窗上場救援。
(附註:其實是可以控制其他分頁,會比較麻煩一點,難度也會比較高,只處理第一個分頁會簡單很多。) - 3:想看我的程式可以匯錢給我,歡迎與我聯絡:[email protected]
自動關掉 alert 對話框的工具:
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/alert-control/ofjjanaennfbgpccfpbghnmblpdblbef
如果有討人厭的alert 彈出式的javascript 語法,可以節省大約一秒的時間。
要下載 chrome extension 可以使用 “Get CRX” extension 來取得:
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/get-crx/dijpllakibenlejkbajahncialkbdkjc
在 selenium 裡載入 extension 程式碼:
extension_path = Root_Dir + "webdriver/Alert_Control.crx" chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() chrome_options.add_extension(extension_path) chromedriver_path =Root_Dir+ "webdriver/chromedriver" driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options, executable_path=chromedriver_path)
Q:Selenium 支持那些程式語言?
A:參考看看https://www.selenium.dev/downloads/
- Ruby
- Java
- Python
- C#
- JavaScript
當人們在網站註冊或購物時,經常會出現圖像驗證碼的輸入要求,為了區分「真人」與「機器人」,圖片會出現線條及扭曲分隔開的文字,讓電腦程式的機器人難以辨識,目前Max的搶票機器人沒有辦法處理「驗證碼」的部份,需要人工去輸入,機器人幫忙處理其他的欄位的輸入。
人外有人,天外有天,驗證碼的部份應該也可以透過程式識別,識別也是有分難度的,簡單的驗證碼可以透過去切割圖片,再把切割好的圖片採用深度學習(Deep learning)的方式去訓練就可以有效提升識別率。難一點的驗證碼就是字元會變形、重疊還有雜訊。拓元網站是屬於中上等級,只有變形和重疊。
沒有推薦的實作方向,因為我也沒有研究過。
相關文章:
Max的拓元搶票機器人
http://max-everyday.com/2018/03/tixcraft-bot/
Max自動掛號機器人
http://max-everyday.com/2018/08/max-auto-reg-bot/
Max 學習 tkinter:
http://stackoverflow.max-everyday.com/tag/tkinter/
Max 學習 selenium:
http://stackoverflow.max-everyday.com/tag/selenium/
[Python] 如何取出字串中的選項
http://stackoverflow.max-everyday.com/2018/12/python-regular-expression-findall/
這篇文章目是透過程式取得「驗證問題」裡的選項,再用程式來自動把選項用來回答問題。
實作基於CNN的台鐵訂票驗證碼辨識以及透過模仿及資料增強的訓練集產生器
(Simple captcha solver based on CNN and a training set generator by imitating the style of captcha and data augmentation)
https://github.com/JasonLiTW/simple-railway-captcha-solver
您好,請問能教我怎麼設定嗎 我看了您的YT影片 進來這看不太懂,
謝謝您的回覆。
請問,是那一行看不懂?
你好 不知道這個有沒有更好理解或操作的><
因為完全沒有理工背景 全部都看不懂….
一個一個來吧,加油!我也不是讀理工的,我是我商科。
請問售票系統改版後,你的機器人還能正常操作嗎
可正常操作,目前卡在:「欲購票者,建議於節目開賣前25小時,完成加入會員及手機號碼驗證。(驗證通過24小時後,才可購票)」,要過 24小時後,才能做新的影片出來,Demo 如何在改版後自動買票。
Your mobile phone number has been verified at 2018/05/04 09:41. You may start to purchase tickets at 2018/05/05 09:41.
系統說,我明天才能買票。
流程基本上應能正常操作,但聽說使用程式/機器人實際登入後購票好像會被強制登出
明天,才會知道。
請問結果如何?
測試後,可行。2018-05-01 拓元系統改版後,還是可以正常搶票,執行畫面:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hwa7VLDQrU
您好請問能私下和你聯絡嗎
如果可以的話 聯繫email
謝謝
[email protected]
請問你有LINE嗎想跟你聯絡
我有email: [email protected]
可以請問下您使用的Python版本為何?
我使用您的Code無法正常運行
hello, 我目前是使用 MacOS 內建的 Python 2.7.10,理論上 Python3 應該也可以執行。
請問輸入完程式碼後要怎麼儲存才能讓他自動跑呢?
我要邊輸入程式碼網頁才會跟著動耶 還是我哪裡做錯了嗎?
你的問題太難,我無法理解。要執行python 的腳本,就是在命令列模式下去輸入 python your-filename.py
您好,
感謝您的教學,我有一個小疑問請教
我設定好了一個Selenium腳本,不過寫法都只會執行一次
如果我想要每點開一個新頁面就讓它執行一次腳本(抓element 自動典擊等等)
請問這邊是加入一個time函數讓他去重複跑?
或是有什麼方法 可以達成這個目標?
已附 sample code 在這篇文章裡,try to find: while
想求完整的程式碼
理解能力只到安裝chromedriver
後面完全不懂
加油!
請問這個能用Tampermonkey嗎?
請問如果需要答粉絲問題的話,有辦法讓他答完之後繼續跑嗎?
您的問題太抽像,看不懂。上次我搶安室的票中間有多一個步驟是要求客人多打入一串字,類似多問使用者一個問題。
請問可以把程式碼直接貼進去Tampermonkey嗎
您好:
請問若是需要如購票驗證(進入選區域畫面之前) 這種狀況有辦法繞過嗎?
謝謝您
可以寫程式去固定選取最前面的坐位,這個程式不難,需要跨frameset的寫法,我有描述在文章裡。通常需要手動去選位的活動,似乎訂票情況都不是很搶手。
Max您好
小弟自學Python之後也完成了類似的流程
從登入到買票都ok,但最後按下確定購票時,果然被強制登出了(回覆中也有人提到)
目前一直卡在最後一步,不知道拓元是怎麼判斷的
是否方便提供您的程式碼讓我參考呢,感謝!
Max您好
小弟自學Python之後也寫好了類似的流程
從登入到買票都ok,但最後按下確定購票時,果然被強制登出了(回覆中也有人提到)
目前一直卡在最後一步
是否方便提供您的程式碼讓我參考呢,感謝!
被登出的原因,只要看一下拓元的 javascript 就可以知道,是因為透過程式去觸發的事件較少,把 javascript 裡需要補足的事件補齊即可通過javascript的檢查。
不好意思 有個關於選區域的問題請要請教
用seleuium 來寫的話
如果我用像是 , get innerText的方式 去抓字元判斷
但是這時候會發現他不支援中文編碼
也就是很難用這個方式去鎖定區域選擇
請問有較好的方式嗎? 或是如何讓他支援中文編碼?
感謝~
你好:
我在測試你給的範例Code時
當我執行他會說:NameError: name ‘web’ is not defined
請問這是什麼原因呢
因為「範例 2 號」 用的變數 web 沒有被定義,我已修改掉掉範例2號裡的變數名稱web,改成和範例1號使用同一個,這樣子就不會出錯了。
你好,根據你的範例,如果有很多個”立即訂購”按鈕,我要如何選擇指定的按鈕呢?(因為每個按鈕都是find_element_by_css_selector(‘.btn-next’)?)謝謝!
您好,想詢問程式購買需要多少呢?以及如購買後需修改內容可否直接幫忙呢?
文章裡有寫,是一次性服務,不確定未來官方改版後我還能夠找的到解法。
您好!請問如果搶票需要粉絲回答完問題正確以後,才能進入座位區選位,這個指令還適用嗎?謝謝!
要粉絲為答問題例如:這位歌手的mv破億順序.隊長是誰之類的…
參考實際影片: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huU4e9pcQLM
想請問一下 問什麼 範例一可以正常運行 但到了範例二卻不能呢
已重新修改範例2號,不能執行的原因是因為使用了 time.sleep(5) 卻沒有 import time, 解法是刪除 time 相關程式碼即可。
你好!使用python開網頁後進入訂票模式+驗證碼那邊都ok能順利運行
但是想請教中間選擇區域該怎麼由上往下去挑選可以進入的做點擊
可以給一點點提示嗎QQ
可以取得 list (陣列) 而不是第一個項目即可。
您好 請問完整python程式碼是哪一段呢?
想看完整程式碼,需要付我錢。謝謝你~
您好
想請問您實際的python code是中間那段1000多行的程式碼嗎??
您好 請問新的exe檔有載點嗎? 謝謝max大
想看取得最新版本的exe檔,需要付我錢。謝謝你~
您好~我想請問有全網購票搶票機器人嗎?
不知道什麼是「全網」,這個機器人只能客製化「特定」的網頁。
可以直接幫我搶票嗎…付錢
沒有提供代搶票的服務,因為沒搶到票,不好意思跟你拿錢。萬一跟你拿了錢又沒搶到票,可能被說是我偷懶沒做事還收錢。與其有爭議,多一事不如少一事。
請教一下 在選取特定的票種的張數,該如何去思考呢?能給點提示嗎?目前卡在這邊 感謝MAX大的教學
拓元只有一個下拉框去選張數。我猜測你問的應該是Kktix. 使用 For 迴圈一行一行取值出來判斷即可完成。
你好 請問現在自動同意可用的方法是什麼?
attr prop trigger都被過濾了
請教一下 現在在勾選 checkbox那邊
還有什麼方法是可行的?
Click () 試看看
試過用$(‘#TicketForm_agree’).click();
發現執行之後還是會變成s_false_undefined
我用的是tampermonkey 會不會是這個影響?
你好,請問這個BOT是通用的嗎?
在不同網站購票,只需要更改相2網址跟設定就好了?
還有請問價錢是多少?
不是通用,原理是要處理網站的HTML,需要一個一個網頁做「客製化」。價格我私下用email通知你。
請問有台鐵、高鐵的搶票程式嗎
小弟沒有,但應該不難,加油,參考看看:
實作基於CNN的台鐵訂票驗證碼辨識以及透過模仿及資料增強的訓練集產生器
(Simple captcha solver based on CNN and a training set generator by imitating the style of captcha and data augmentation)
https://github.com/JasonLiTW/simple-railway-captcha-solver
selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: unknown error: Failed to create Chrome process.
[9420] Failed to execute script chrome_tixcraft
您好~請問這段錯誤訊息是什麼原因發生的呢
沒裝chrome browser 在path 上,或chrome drive 版本有誤,後著的錯誤訊息會清楚寫出目前的chrome drive版本,所以前者的可能性高一點。實際原因我也不清楚,因為遇不到,呵呵。